Microstation J License
Preceded bySucceeded byJammu and Kashmir was a region formerly administered by as a state from 1954 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, and since the mid-20th century. The underlying region of this state were parts of the former, whose western districts, now known as, and northern territories, now known as, are administered by Pakistan. The region in the east, bordering, has been under Chinese control since 1962.After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the, which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two – in the west and in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019. At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population. For the pre-1954 history, see. EstablishmentAfter the, the princely state of was divided between India (who controlled the regions of, and ) and Pakistan (who controlled and ).
The Indian-administered territories elected a in 1951, which ratified the accession of the state to India in 1954.In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin. Following the, India and Pakistan signed the, recognising a in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through. Kashmir insurgencyIn the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the triggered a violent uprising and which was backed by Pakistan. Pakistan claimed to be giving its 'moral and diplomatic' support to the separatist movement.
The of has been accused by and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training, to fight in Jammu and Kashmir. In 2015, former admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s. India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its 'cross-border terrorism' in Kashmir.Since 1989, a prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread, including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery. Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic.
This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic 'Jihadi' fighters (mujahadeen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the in the 1980s.Following the, secessionist movements in the region were boosted. The resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000. Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based. An on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group.
Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir, 2018.DissolutionIn August 2019, both houses of the passed resolutions to and extend the in its entirety to the state, which was implemented as a constitutional order by the. At the same time, the parliament also passed the, which contained provisions that dissolved the state of Jammu and Kashmir and established two new: the eponymous union territory of, and that of.The reorganisation act was assented to by the, and came into effect on 31 October 2019. Prior to these measures, the union government locked down the, increased security forces, imposed that prevented assembly, and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers and under house arrest.
Internet and phone services were also blocked. Administrative divisions. The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: (green), (orange) and (blue)The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three: the, the and which are further divided into 22 districts. The, while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir., and were districts formed in 2008, and their areas are included with those of the districts from which they were formed. Districts DivisionNameHeadquartersArea (km²)2,65,5501,7192,6301,3291,644Total for division26,2933,9841,0671,398612.871,37984,5882,379Total for division15,5,110Total for divisionand59,146Total101,387Demographics Historical populationsCensusPop.%±19012,139,362. —19112,292,5357.2%19212,424,3595.8%19312,670,20810.1%19412,946,72810.4%19513,253,85210.4%19613,560,9769.4%19714,616,63229.6%19815,987,38929.7%19917,837,05130.9%200110,143,70029.4%201112,541,30223.6%source: Census of India† 1951 and 1991 populations are estimatedJammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a -majority population.
In the held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward. According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed (1.9%), (0.9%) and (0.3%).In 1947-48, 525,000 refugees from the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (mainly the Jammu province) migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir;: 125 226,000 refugees from Pakistan-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir.
An estimated 50,000-150,000 Kashmiri Muslims and 150,000–300,000 Kashmiri Pandits were internally displaced due to the conflict. According to political scientist Alexander Evans, approximately 99% of the total population of 160,000–170,000 of Kashmiri, also called, (i.e.
Approximately 150,000 to 160,000) in 1990 as militancy engulfed the state. According to an estimate by the, about 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir were internally displaced due to the ongoing violence.The state's official language was, which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia. The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a 'neutral' and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims. The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional 'minority language,' effectively restricting its use to households and family.The most widely spoken language is, the mother tongue of 53% of the population according to the 2011 census. Other major languages include (20%), (9.1%), (7.8%), (2.4%), (1.8%),.
Additionally, several other languages, predominantly found in neighbouring regions, are also spoken by communities within Jammu and Kashmir:,. GovernmentJammu and Kashmir was the only state in India which had special autonomy under of the, according to which no law enacted by the, except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. The state was able to define the of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official, along with India's, in addition to a separate constitution. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag.
The three stripes represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. After a in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory. The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state assemblies. In 2005, it was reported that the -led government in the state intended to amend the term to bring parity with the other states. Central provisionsIn 1990, an of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir, a decision which drew criticism from and Amnesty International for violating human rights.
Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy. EconomyThe economy of Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities. Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state; produce included apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts. The district, rich in high-grade, had active mines until the 1989 insurgency; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource. Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India; in 2004, this amounted to US$812 million. Tourism, which was integral to the economy, witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency, but foreign tourism later rebounded, and in 2009, the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India. The economy was also benefited by pilgrims from India who visited the shrines of and annually.
The British government had reiterated its advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir in 2013, with certain exceptions.
What is Bentley MicroStation?Bentley MicroStation is a visual modeling software designed specifically for engineers, constructors, architects, and owner-operators. It is equipped with tools for object management, drafting, modeling, and visualization. As a robust and flexible modeling software solution, Bentley MicroStation aims to speed up project delivery and to improve the quality and performance of infrastructure assets. It is used for all types of infrastructures and utilities; which include buildings, roads, bridges, rails, water networks, process plants, mining, and communications networks.MicroStation is used by infrastructure professionals to create high-quality digital deliverables for their projects. It has the capability to support multi-discipline BIM (Building Information Modeling) models; hence, the software helps users create comprehensive models and other deliverables used for the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation of infrastructures. MicroStation also offers the creation of true 3D parametric models, allowing the virtual modeling of any geometric forms.
Moreover, the software promotes compliance with drawing and project standards; and it enables project participants to work collaboratively. Overview of Bentley MicroStation BenefitsBentley MicroStation’s 3D parametric drawing capability is, indeed, a comprehensive feature. Offering wide range of modeling tools, MicroStation enables users to produce virtual models of any geometric forms.They can be created using the solid, surface, mesh, features, and topological modeling tools. Users can also create components of their models with more flexibility because the software is designed with predefined component variations.As an example, if they choose the large capacity variation, the software will automatically generate a set of variables which measurements or values are set for a large capacity model. Shell length, shell thickness, plates distance are some examples of variables or components.
These variations enable users to create accurate and data-driven designs or models.MicroStation also allows project participants, regardless of which disciplines they are from, to work smoothly with project deliverables, drawings, models, and designs. This is because the software has a powerful referencing capability, enabling project teams to integrate many different file formats with MicroStation. It allows the direct editing of DWG files, which includes 2D and 3D geometry and embedded information. Users will be able to manipulate multiple reference files at once using the clipping functionality. Additionally, MicroStation offers the so called “out-of-order undo” feature. This feature enables users to easily track and roll back any changes made in a design, even at the component level.MicroStation, furthermore, simplifies the enforcement of project, drawing, and design standards. It has a built-in standard checker that identify elements that do not adhere to standards.
Compliance reports can also be generated to improve the quality of models and deliverables. The software also supports digital signatures, which protects intellectual property rights and authorizes digital deliverables. Bentley MicroStation Position In Our CategoriesKnowing that businesses have unique business demands, it is rational they avoid buying a one-size-fits-all, ”best” software system. At any rate, it would be almost impossible to find such an app even among well-known software solutions. The best step to do can be to make a list of the various main aspects which call for a inspection such as major features, pricing, skill aptitude of staff members, company size, etc. After which, you must perform the product research through and through.
Have a look at some Bentley MicroStation review articles and check out each of the software programs in your shortlist more closely. Such well-rounded product investigation ascertains you keep away from poorly fit software products and choose the one that meets all the features you require company requires for success.Position of Bentley MicroStation in our main categories. If you are interested in Bentley MicroStation it might also be beneficialto examine other subcategories of Construction Management Software gathered in our baseof SaaS software reviews.It's crucial to keep in mind that virtually no software in the Construction Management Software category is an ideal solution able to match all the needs of various business types, sizes and industries.
It may be a good idea to read a few Bentley MicroStation Construction Management Software reviews first as specific solutions might perform well exclusively in a very small set of applications or be prepared with a very specific type of industry in mind. Others may work with an idea of being simple and intuitive and as a result lack complex features welcomed by more experienced users. There are also apps that cater to a large group of customers and provide a complex feature base, but this usually comes at a more significant cost of such a software.
Ensure you're aware of your requirements so that you choose a solution that provides exactly the elements you look for. Negative Social Media Mentions1We realize that when you make a decision to buy Construction Management Software it’s important not only to see how experts evaluate it in their reviews, but also to find out if the real people and companies that buy it are actually satisfied with the product. That’s why we’ve created our behavior-based that gathers customer reviews, comments and Bentley MicroStation reviews across a wide range of social media sites.
The data is then presented in an easy to digest form showing how many people had positive and negative experience with Bentley MicroStation. With that information at hand you should be equipped to make an informed buying decision that you won’t regret. PROS: I like how I can easily update MicroStation’s settings to fit my preferences. It has a pretty reliable and fast-acting system too. Plus, whenever I find myself stuck on a certain aspect of my work, all I have to do is to reach out to its active community of users.CONS: I still have to go through so many boxes to tick off so I can personalize this program.
There are some features that can be hard to access as well. Overall, this tool can be a little difficult to work with if you don’t have basic knowledge of drafting and designing. PROS: I know this might spark a debate, but I think that MicroStation is much better than AutoCad. For one, it’s so much more intuitive and pays better attention to the needs of its users. There is a more solid community of users here too. If you feel stuck and would like to gain more perspective, you can always reach out to other users.CONS: I can only afford a single subscription to this program. It would be nice if they were to lower the tag so that I can add one more user from my team.
I’ve reached out to their team and I still can’t be too sure if they can adjust the pricing or license for me. PROS: I’ve tried other CAD programs before, and MicroStation really stands out from the rest because of how user-centric it is. The commands are straightforward and you won’t have to spend too much time second-guessing yourself if the buttons you clicked on are the right ones. I’ve been able to update the dashboard according to my preference too-a feature not readily available in other programs.
To whoever is reading this-if you are in the market for a robust 2D and even 3D model creation tool, you won’t go wrong with MicroStation.CONS: Although MicroStation has been a really useful tool, I have encountered some problems with it. The tool itself can be quite clunky at times. It freezes or even crashes at the most random times-something that I find increasingly annoying. It’s not meant for absolute beginners too. There are some features that one needs certain know-how about to fully make use of. Some of its more basic functions need a little work too.
For example, if I needed to edit some parts of a project, I have to go through so many steps just to do a bit of trimming and editing. PROS: I haven’t fully explored all of MicroStations’ features yet (there are just too many of them!), but I have bookmarked some of its uses that I particularly like. One is that it works seamlessly with Google Earth, allowing me to get a more realistic scale of the terrain which a certain project will be constructed on.
I also like the ProjectWise feature that increases me and my team’s productivity.CONS: I still need to go through so many steps just to login and to get started on a new project. I wish that MicroStation would trim this down so I can get to work right away. PROS: MicroStation seems to be the go-to design tool in my work circle. This makes it a lot easier to collaborate with clients and some authorities in the industry. Passing down projects from one user to the next-to solicit feedback-has never been this easier. There hasn’t been a shortage of resources online regarding the use of this tool too.CONS: The environment feels a bit like circa 1990s, to be honest. I do wish that MicroStation would update its layout and even some of its features too.
I would appreciate it if the developers and customer reps would be more responsive as well. PROS: MicroStation has been instrumental in helping me draw up a commercial infrastructure recently. Unsurprisingly, the result was a polished model that I was able to make available in both 2D and 3D versions. This is a tool that I can see myself working with for long-term.CONS: It takes a while for me to settle in and start a new project because the program is too thorough when it comes to setting up individual projects. I know this is for my ease of use but I don’t like losing my creative vision before I have even started. PROS: MicroStation has been able to assist me and my team in designing and figuring out the logistics in building roads and highways.
Cost Of Microstation V8i
In fact, it has even allowed us to scale our projects based on the UK’s standards. One would think that this powerful tool would be bulky and difficult to use, but the opposite is actually true.
It’s really easy to manipulate and you don’t have to guess what each command button is for. Its appeal lies in how straightforward it is.
On top of all of this, it’s a great tool for collaboration as well. You can easily send files to your members and get feedback from them in real-time.
It’s been truly a delight working with MicroStation.CONS: One would need to have, at least, basic background on designing to be able to understand this program. It doesn’t support keyboard shortcuts too, thus prolonging the design process a bit. There are times when the program would lag too. Why is FinancesOnline free?FinancesOnline is available for free for all business professionals interested in an efficient way to find top-notch SaaS solutions. We are able to keep our service free of charge thanks to cooperation with some of the vendors, who are willing to pay us for traffic and sales opportunities provided by our website.
Microstation J License Key
Please note, that FinancesOnline lists all vendors, we’re not limited only to the ones that pay us, and all software providers have an to get featured in our rankings and comparisons, win awards, gather user reviews, all in our effort to give you reliable advice that will enable you to make well-informed purchase decisions.