De browser ondersteunt geen in line frames of is momenteel zodanig geconfigureerd dat in line frames niet kunnen worden weergegeven.For contact,remarks, info or suggestions:ImportantNote:All mentionednames and rights belong to the owner.Information isonly for educational purposes.CARRILLO PISTONS AND RODSTuneECU is a software tool for the reprogramming, diagnosisand testing of the Engine Control Unit (ECU) fitted to Electronic Fuel Injected(EFI) Triumph, KTM, Aprilia & Benelli motorcyclesDPF removal. Acceleration-The rate of change in velocity with respect to time.According to Newton's second law of motion, acceleration isequal to the force, divided by mass (A=F/M).Accelerator pump-Accelerator pumps are found in cars equipped withcarburetors. When you accelerate, the accelerator pumpdelivers extra fuel through the accelerator pump circuit toallow the engine to deliver more power.Actuator- Anelectrical mechanism for moving or controlling somethingindirectly instead of by hand, such as a door lock.

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Outputdevice the PCM controls such as solenoids, relays, fuelinjectors and stepper motors.AE -Acceleration Enrichment, the enriched mixture providedwhen the throttle position sensor signal changes at variousrates.AFR - AirFuel Ratio, the mass ratio of air to fuel in thecombustion chamber. See NB- and WB-EGO sensors, below.Air filter-This device filters the air that goes into your engine.Without an air filter, harmful particles would enter yourcar's engine and cause internal wear and damage.Air pump -Many emissions systems include an air pump, which pumpsfresh air into a vehicle's exhaust to help complete thecombustion process and reduce emissions. Methods of calculating, measuring anddetermining Load:,andLoad is essentially a measurement of airflow since, asdiscussed in our article an engine isessentially a large air pump. Since airflow determinesload and is directly correlated to volumetricefficiency, and it’s operating parameters, includingfuel and ignition requirements, it is critical that wehave an understanding and a methodology for calculating,measuring and or programming the load of theirparticular engine configuration. Once airflow is known,fueling and other operating parameter simply becometrivial scientific calculations.There are several methods for which load can be measured,each with their own advantages, disadvantages andapplications. These methods, however, are not nearly astrivial as the equations which follow.

It is, however,methodical and with some study, time and proper analysispossible to determine and understand each method and howit relates to your engine and tuning approach.This method relies on measurement of the actual air flow(in units of mass/time) to calculate fuel flow directly.This is the most flexible and powerful system of loadcalculation, but is not without limitations andcomplications. By Brian BarnhillThis can actually be a quite tricky subject, mostly due to confusionand differing opinions among many people. Volumetric efficiency (VE)is typically defined as 'the actual amount of air being pumped bythe engine as compared to its theoretical maximum.' Basically, VEis a measure of how 'full' the cylinders are.Asmost of us will know from basic science, gas will expand to fill itscontainer. Seemingly, that would suggest that the cylinder is alwaysfull. And, in the pure volumetric sense, that is correct. A 0.5Liter cylinder will always have 0.5 liters of air in it.

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The measurewe are looking for here is air density. A cylinder with 500 mols/literof air in it is said to me 'more full' than one with 400 mols/liter.Now, where isthis air density measured?This is one of the points of disagreement. The point at which airdensity is measured is crucial. Many will claim that you must takethe measurement at a standard, such atmospheric density. This,however, can cause many issues with VE measurements. Forcedinduction cars will have skewed VE values due to the simple factthat they are forcing more air into the manifold.

With more airavailable to the engine, it will receive a larger/more dense amount.This is not a pure measurement of the efficiency of the engine,Tocorrect for these factors, air density available at the intakemanifold should be used. This will correctly measure the VE based onthe amount of air available to the engine. As a simple example: Takea 4 cylinder, 2.0 Liter engine (assume even flow to each cylinder)each cylinder will be 0.5 liters. If the intake manifold has adensity of 100 mols/liter (this gives 25 mols/cyl), at 100% VE, thecylinder will have 25 mols/Liter.

This comes from the equation: VE =Densitycylinder/Densitymanifold. 100%Lets look at this another way. Say the cylinder in a single cylinderengine has 186 mols/Liter. Now, the density of at the manifold ismeasured at 213 mols/Liter. The calculation of VE gives: VE =286/213.

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100% or 87.32% It is upon thisprinciple that variable valve timing and similar technologies rely.They will change the flow aspects of the engine to best match theparticular RPM range. An engine is typically only maximized for aparticular rpm range. By allowing the change in parameters, this canbe overcome. This can easily be seen when looking at DYNO charts forany Vtec equipped engine (the S2000 is a good example). In thesecharts there will be a 'double peak.' The horsepower will begin tofall off at one point, and then climb again. This rpm point willcorrespond to the 'Vtec' point.Volumetric Efficiency plays a large role in how your engine operates.By understanding this parameter one can begin to grasp the detailsrequired to properly tune any engine.